Monday, March 25, 2019

Finding Living Relatives – Part 2


As I noted in (*1), when I started my genealogical research I was motivated by the mistaken idea that upon the passing of my parents that I was then the oldest living individual in my family tree with the surname of Russell. But as I investigated further up the tree, I found other branches where the Russell name was being passed on and was excited to connect to many new cousins. These were not the types of cousins that I had grown up with, i.e. 1st or 2nd cousins, but they were cousins nonetheless. As I made it my goal over the past several years to connect to these individuals there is a great amount of comfort knowing that I am a part of a much larger group of relatives than I had imagined.

I was then very sympathetic when one of these cousins (actually 2nd cousin once removed) also indicated that she felt this same way. Her connection to me is by marriage (her great-great-grandmother Helen married my great-grandfather Louis – it being Helen's 3rd marriage and Louis' 2nd marriage) (*2). But whereas I have four younger siblings and over a dozen 1st cousins with whom I have regular contact, Lauren did not have this type of large family tree. Her parents both passed away fairly young and her only sibling also died at a young age. Her only 1st cousins were through a 2nd marriage of her grandmother and the relationship that she had with them was quite contentious. Her desire for some blood relatives was quite understandable. So I set about seeing what I could do to help her.

I have previously documented the process of doing “sideways research” (*3) and some of the tools that I use (*4). So I was quite familiar with doing this sort of research. But, just like with doing ancestor research, there are often roadblocks and one can never be certain of success. Plus, unlike looking at census records where each line in the record has a date associated with it, when you are looking at contemporary sources, the confirming date is not always available.

There were a couple of key pieces of information/sources that proved quite valuable in filling out Lauren's family tree. The first was finding a couple of obituaries. These are often chock full of useful facts – names of individuals and their relationship to the deceased (and to each other), and sometimes where these relatives live. And even if the grandchildren are only listed without a tie to their parents, there are often clues in their last names or the order in which they are listed. Finding one such obituary is great, finding one in two different branches of Lauren's family tree was even better.

The second source of information was contained within ancestry.com. As one of their chief genealogists pointed out in a recent presentation, one of her favorite places to search is in the card catalog. There are a number of databases in ancestry.com which are not searched when all you do is look for the shaking leaf hints. But once you realize they are there then looking through them can be a key part of your research. In this particular case I quickly realized that many of Lauren's relatives had grown up in Connecticut – just as many of mine did. There is a database that is titled “Connecticut, Marriage Index, 1959-2012” and which contains over 2 million searchable records. Thus, while federal census records are only currently available through 1940, anyone born after 1940 is likely to be found in this index if they were married in Connecticut. And since most traditional marriages take place in (or at least near) the hometown of the bride, that can be used as verification. Thus, I was able to find the marriages of several of Lauren's relatives, including the situations where individuals had multiple marriages (there is also a database called “Connecticut, Divorce Index, 1968-1997” which can help in these cases.)

It took me several hours to complete my research as Lauren's great-grandmother had both a sister and a half-sister. But in the end I had documented about a dozen living individuals (and their families) who were 2nd or 3rd cousins to Lauren. For each I was able to give her an address as well as a potential phone number so that she could make contact with them and begin to experience the joy of finding new relatives and feeling better connected to her extended family!

Doing genealogical research is not only about building a giant repository of all your ancestors. It can also be used to help others to feel better connected – whether to you or to others.


Notes:


Friday, March 15, 2019

The Pierponts of Roxbury, Massachusetts


In my never-ending quest to explore my ancestral roots, I recently became aware of a new book which had been published about my mother's Pierpont genealogy. This book, written in 2007 by Helen Schatvet Ullmann, was titled “The Pierponts of Roxbury, Massachusetts. This is very thoroughly researched book – one indication of which is the over 1200 footnotes showing the source of the facts contained therein.

Those of us in the Pierpont Family Association, of which I am privileged to be the co-historian, are often focused on two aspects of our family tree. The first aspect is knowing the roots of the tree and being able to trace our lineage back to the origin of the family name in Norman times, ie before 1066. The second aspect is our connections to each others, all of us having a common ancestry in Rev. James Pierpont of New Haven, CT. Indeed, our family reunion each year (with having met continuously since 1924 and nearing our 100th anniversary) nearly always takes place in southern Connecticut.

In contrast, this book covers a part of our family tree that we often forget, ie the descendants of the first immigrants of our family who remained in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and who lived primarily in the community of Roxbury, MA. A sentence from the preface of this book says it well:

“It also became apparent that the Pierponts – very often spelled 'Pierpoint' – who remained in Roxbury were only sketchily treated in the genealogical literature, including some manuscript material... Hence the present volume, which focused on the Roxbury lines. I leave it to others to pursue and document both the English connections and the descendants of the Reverend James Pierpont of New Haven, Connecticut. Except for possible descendants of #42 Thomas Pierpont, an illegitimate son who went to Illinois, and descendants of the adoptive son, #83 Robert Pierpont (born as John Murdock), who died in Maine, the Pierponts who remained in Roxbury have 'daughtered out.' Nevertheless, those daughters have produced a great many descendants and are often followed here for a generation.”

This book covers six generations of the Pierpont family tree, with generation one being James, the father of John and Robert who also came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. I have not yet explored all the information in the later generations as my first time reading the book I was looking at two aspects of the Pierpont family.


Immigration Timeline

First, I wanted to see if there was additional information to indicate when the Pierpont family first immigrated. They are not listed in “The Great Migration Directory” which catalogs all those who came between 1620 and 1640. In (*1), I noted that James is shown as immigrating in 1646 and his sons in 1648.

This book lists a considerable number of documents showing that both John and Robert were here in 1648 – including property purchases and a number of other business transactions. But the sheer number of documents seems inconsistent with someone who had only recently arrived. It appears that they had been living in Ipswich as several of the transactions were for their buying property in Roxbury to support their moving from one town to the other.

There is also a reference to The Hammatt Papers: Early Inhabitants of Ipswich Massachusetts where it is says “1639-40. Agreed with James Pearpoynt to keep the herd on the South side of the river, - for himself and son.” This seems to support the idea that the family had arrived prior to 1640. But this is the only such reference. So, at least for now, we only know that the arrival of the Pierpont family was no later than 1648.


Family Connections

In an earlier blog (*2), I noted that the Pierpont family were members of the 1st Church of Roxbury as were a number of other families who are part of my family tree. But were there other non-church connections between these families?

I have not been able to find out how many people lived in Roxbury during that period of time. However, the total number of immigrants to the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1620 and 1640 was about 20,000. But this included individuals/families who settled in towns up and down the coast, including those who moved along to other places such as Rhode Island and Connecticut. One reference put the number of people living in Boston in 1640 as about 1200. Boston at the time was a peninsula jutting out into the bay and Roxbury was just to the south of Boston between it and Dorchester. So I suspect that Roxbury had a population of about that same size, ie 1000-2000 people.

The Pierpont family were fairly prominent, owning several pieces of property. Roxbury land records of the time listed six separate properties, including 253 of the 4000 acres alloted to the entire town that John inherited from his father-in-law, John Stowe. John and Robert also owned several mills and both John and Robert were elected as selectman for several years, so they would have interacted with most prople of significance in the town.

Some of the names of individuals listed in this book with whom the Pierpont had business dealings were: William Fellows, John Ruggles, Richard Woody, Abraham Newell, John Alcock, Isaac Morrell, John Johnson, Tobias Davis, Isaack Heath, William Curtiss, John Eliot, William Parke, William Cheney, Hugh Clerke, Hugh Prichard, and Martin Stebbins. I have previously mentioned Parke, Alcock, Eliot, and Ruggles in (*2) and (*3).

This is a fascinating a fact-filled book to read and I have only scratched the surface. And it gives a level of insight to my Pierpont ancestors that greatly increases my knowledge of them.


Notes:


Saturday, March 9, 2019

Corporate Failures


Some friends of mine in a small group of (mostly) retirees were recently discussing the just-announced date when the former headquarters of Bethlehem Steel will be demolished. This led me to think about a number of companies that I have been affiliated with who have failed (or seem to be following the same path). For each of these companies I will explore the pertinent company history, a personal story about each one, and some of the apparent reasons for the failure.


Scovill Manufacturing

History – Scovill Manufacturing Company began in 1802 as the Abel Porter Button Company (*S1, *S2). They incorporated as Scovill Manufacturing Company in 1850 to reflect their expansion into such products (all brass based) as lamps, munitions, artillery fuses, and even coin blanks for the US Mint. In the 1930s and 1940s, they began diversifying, adding such products as Schrader air valves (*S3), Hamilton Beach appliances (*S4), Clinton sewing notions, and developing a line of fasteners – the “Gripper (r)” zipper and snap fastener.

It was during this time that many of my ancestors began working for them. I've previously detailed that, including the downfall of the company (*S5), so will not repeat it here. In 1976, facing union difficulties, Scovill threatened to shut down the plant. The state of Connecticut intervened with $10 million in loans and the mills were spun off to Century Brass. But that turned out to be only a temporary solution.

In 1985, the brass mill was running into financial difficulty again, having had 3 strikes in the prior 6 years. The company CEO asked workers for $4.8 million in wage and benefit concessions to keep the troubled company open (*S6). While the salaried workers agreed, the unionized workers rejected the proposal by a 2-to-1 margin. Lacking such concessions, the company closed and the 600 mill workers were immediately laid off, followed by the remaining 1,100 workers a few weeks later.. This ended the brass industry in Waterbury, the final nail in the coffin of an industry which had employed over 20,000 workers just four decades earlier during WWII.

Scovill itself continues as a much smaller company, confining their output to the fastener line. They have a single plant in Clarkesville, GA. This business were first acquired by the Gores Group, but a few years ago they were sold yet again to Morito, a Japanese company (*S7).

Personal Story – I've related much of my Scovill connections in (*S5). But there is one story I'd like to add. As noted above, Scovill has a plant in Clarkesville, GA (*S8). This plant was built in 1957. In the 1964, my father needed to go to Clarkesville for a week to help them with some aspect of the plant production line (he was a tool designer in the fastener division, which is what that plant was part of). Rather than fly down, he elected to take the entire family on a camping trip, taking a long weekend to drive down, then staying in a local campground for a week while he went to the plant each day, then taking another weekend to drive back to Connecticut.

When we got to Clarkesville, my father met with the plant manager. The plant manager had a daughter about the age of myself and my oldest sister who is just a year younger. The three of us were young teenagers, about 14-15 (My younger siblings were ages 6-9.) Clarkesville at the time was perhaps 1000 people, just a small town in northern GA. The following is from my autobiography, My Life.

The year we traveled to Clarkesville, GA, was my first exposure to the southern part of the US. My sister and I were walking down the main street of the town with the daughter of the plant manager and I saw something on the other side of the street. I wanted to cross over, but she stopped me because that was the “colored” part of town. I was unused to this kind of treatment of race and it bothered me. There were only a few colored folks in Wolcott. One was a good friend in Boy Scouts, Shawn Moore. He lived all the way on the other end of town and was awarded a scholarship to a private boarding school for high school, so I no longer saw him after that. The other was a girl from Waterbury whose parents paid the tuition to send her to Wolcott schools which had a better reputation. Her name was Sandra Raleigh, and since homeroom seating was alphabetical, I sat near her for our high school years. As a result, color of skin was never significant to me.

Cause of Failure – There are a few themes here which will be repeated in the stories of the other companies. First, there was a period of diversification into product lines that, while they may be somewhat related to the core business of the company, were not entirely in line. In the case of Scovill, these included home appliances, air valves, and sewing notions, which were acquired in the 1930s and 1940s, and were then sold off a few decades later. Next, the “heavy manufacturing” part of the business became unionized, like many such businesses. While there were good reasons for this at the time, the unions became much too powerful, and the strikes and other labor demands during the 1970s and 1980s led to the eventual selling and later closing of this part of the business.

Notes:



Uniroyal

History – In 1892, nine rubber companies in Naugatuck, CT, merged under the name United States Rubber Company (*U1). This consolidated company was large enough that when the Dow Industrial Average of large US stocks was created in 1896, US Rubber was one of the 12 companies that were part of it.

Rubber remained the focus of the company for the next several decades, although the types of products were varied – including rubber tires and footwear (including the first flexible rubber-sole, canvas top “sneaker” in 1917). Later they added rubber v-belts, conveyor belts, and waterproof cloth – which evolved into “Naugahyde” coated fabric. In 1904, due to an increase in the price of sulfuric acid (used to reclaim used rubber), they formed the Naugatuck Chemical Company – later named the Uniroyal Chemical Company. They also expanded the number of chemicals they produced, including aromatics (scents) and agricultural chemicals (*U2).

In 1939, as part of the development of skyscrapers in New York City, one of the buildings in the burgeoning Rockefeller Center was the 23-story US Rubber Company Building (*U3). This was later renamed the Uniroyal Building in 1967 and in 1976 became the Simon & Schuster Building (*U4).

I worked for Uniroyal three times. The first was as a summer intern in 1968, when I wrote a production scheduling program for their footwear division that spread weekly planned production over the available inventory of “lasts” (the metal foot-shaped forms over which footwear are constructed). The second was the following summer when I wrote a corporate funding model that projected sales and costs for each of their international subsidiaries and minimized the flow of cash across country boundaries as it was then subject to being taxed (this was in the days before spreadsheets). Both of these summers I worked at the Eastern Management Information Center (EMIC) in Naugatuck, a building that had been made especially to house the corporation's IBM mainframes. As was typical of those days, the computers were in a large interior room with glass walls so you could show them off to visitors. For the second summer, my clients were in the international headquarters, located in the Uniroyal Building in NYC.

After finishing graduate school in 1971, jobs were very scarce in the country, so I ended up back working for Uniroyal, this time at their new headquarters in Middlebury, CT. I was in the MIS department of the CIP (Consumer, Industrial, and Plastics) division, supporting not only the footwear plant in Naugatuck, but a conveyor belt plant in Passaic, NJ and another plant in Mishawaka, IN. I was there for 14 months, until I received an invitation from Charlie Smith (the former MIS department manager at Uniroyal who had retired and taken a new position as the divisional director of MIS for Olin-Winchester).

When it opened in 1970, the Uniroyal headquarters was designed to be the “latest and greatest” in office concepts. There were three building in a campus-like setting on a wooded hilltop. The office building was a 4-story building with an all-glass exterior. Except for offices for VPs and above, a few conference rooms, and the bathrooms, the entire floor had no interior walls. Curved partitions covered with fabric, tall plants, and filing cabinets were the only obstructions with winding corridors defined by these elements. To prevent distractions from others, they piped in white noise – which was very effective.

The second major building was a research and development building. The third building was like a small two-story hotel with rooms for overnight guests (since the complex was in the country, any visitors to the corporate complex did not have to drive to a nearby city to find lodging). There was also a restaurant which served as the corporate cafeteria for lunch but which was open to the public in the evening and was a world-class restaurant. If the weather was nice, you could stroll outside between the buildings or find a shady park bench to sit on, but in cold/inclement weather, the three buildings were connected by underground tunnels with multi-colored painted walls and tubes for electrical wires, etc. suspended from the ceilings several feet above you.

In the years since I left Uniroyal, many things have happened (*U5). The tire business was sold off, many of the other smaller businesses were either closed or sold off, and the once ultra-modern corporate headquarters is only a shell of itself – having first been sold to IBM, and eventually the R&D facility taken over by Chemtura and the other buildings razed. In the picture below, the green area in the upper left is the site of the former administration building, the green area in the lower left is the site of the former hotel/restaurant, and only the research building still remains. The non-tire businesses in Naugatuck have been sold/merged many times, and as of 2017 are the Chemtura subsidiary of Lanxess (*U6). Of the 9500 people who used to work just in the Naugatuck plants, only 50 remain.



Personal Story – I have two stories from my time working with the Uniroyal plant in 1971-72. I was helping to develop a computerized cost accounting system and was meeting with the cost accounting manager in Passaic to go over the specifications for the program. The “system” we were replacing was a totally manual one and the individuals who did all the calculations were using WWII-era comptometers (see the WM model in *U7). The operators were all female and were part of an office union. As we talked, the manager of the general accounting department (who used the same antiquated equipment) called over to the cost accounting manager and said, “we have a lot to do today, can you help?” The cost accounting manager looked around and said, “Rosie is not busy, you can borrow her for the day.” Rosie heard this, and said, “well, if you don't need me today, then lay me off for the day” (since by union regulations if she was “laid off”, even if just for a day, then you could collect 80% of your pay while you sat at home). Thus, Rosie got to go home (with 80% pay), and the general accounting manager had to hire someone from a temp agency to help him!

The second story was relayed to me by one of my workmates and took place during the same 1971-72 time-frame and at the same plant in Passaic. He was on the plant floor doing some time/material studies for a project he was working on. He noticed a fellow by one of the conveyor belt-making machines who seemed to being doing very little and wondered to himself, “I wonder how much that task pays?”. He walked over to a small desk right near one of the support posts on which there was a red notebook which contained a list of the company work-rates, and opened it to the rates for that particular task. The individual he had been observing saw him open the notebook and immediately called out, “that notebook belongs to the union, you are not allowed to touch it!” The following series of events then took place. First, the union steward in the department was notified and he stopped work (for everyone in the department) while they had a union meeting. They came to the conclusion that since the contents of the notebook had been developed by the company in conjunction with the union that my friend was allowed to see the contents, but that the notebook itself belonged to the union and he could not touch it. Finally, because of the infraction of “union rules”, the senior man in the department was given the rest of the day off (with full pay), and the second most senior man in the department was assigned to “notebook duty” so that if my friend wanted to see anything else in the notebook he could ask that individual to turn the pages for him so that he could read what was on that page (without touching it)!

Cause of Failure – Like Scovill, Uniroyal diversified into several other business, some of them rubber-related, others chemical-related. They also for many years went on a buying spree around the world – the reason behind the corporate funding model I developed for them in 1969. But all of these ended up on the “chopping block” in later years. The plants that had very restrictive unions (like the one in Passaic) were the first ones to be eliminated. Finally, they also invested in a new state-of-the-art corporate headquarters, only to see it sold off and later reduced to dust just a few decades later.

Notes:

Olin – Winchester Division

History – The Winchester Repeating Arms Company began in 1866 when Oliver Winchester reorganized the New Haven Arms Company (*W1). In 1931 it was acquired by Olin Corporation (*W2). Olin had begun in 1892, and had formed the Western Cartridge Company in 1898. In 1954 Olin merged with Mathieson Chemical to become Olin Mathieson. In the 1950s and 1960s, the company diversified, getting into chemicals, brass, skis, camping equipment and homebuilding businesses. The ammunition business was consolidated into a plant in IL in 1965. But then in the 1970s, like the other companies in the blog, they began selling off many of these non-core businesses – forest products, specialty chemicals, etc. Following a machinists' strike in the late 1970s, in 1981 a group of Winchester employees purchased the rights to manufacture Winchester-brand firearms – the new company was called the U.S. Repeating Arms Company. However, the new company would not last very long, and after continued problems, the remaining business in New Haven closed in 2006 when the final 186 workers were laid off.

At one time the plant in New Haven was the largest employer in the city, employing some 19,000 workers (*W3). Just one model that they produced, the level action model 94, sold over 6 million units during 111 years of production (1895-2006) (*W4). But the company finally closed, not with a bang, but a wimper as the workers were asked not to return when they left on Wednesday afternoon when they had expected to work through Friday. While one of the last buildings at the corner of Winchester Avenue and Munson Street still stands, it has now been converted to an office building and the former surrounding building and labs have all been torn down and replaced.

Personal Story – The Winchester Division of Olin was always too diverse. Under that umbrella we had the firearms business, the ammunition business, a tent company (former Hetrick Tent Company in Statesville, NC who made tents for several retail outlets, a camping products business which made camp stoves, etc., a sleeping bag manufacturer, a ski manufacturer, and a plant that made Ramset power tools. The product differences and government requirements for some of these meant that we had separate order entry and manufacturing systems for each line of business. But the IT department was considered to be “overhead”, so when business was good we hired and when it was bad we fired. I had come in at the beginning of a growth cycle. But just three years later when business was going down we were again laying off. But the work did not go away when the people did. Because I knew so many of the systems, they just kept asking me to take on more and more. I was watching my fellow employees one-by-one being shown the door and I was asked to just put more on my plate. I decided to leave on my own before it became too much. When I told my boss that I was leaving, he informed his boss who told me, “don't tell me it's final until I get back to you.” That afternoon he approached the VP of finance and negotiated a 20% raise for me it I would stay. But I told him that I was not leaving for the money but because of how the department and the people were being treated. It was nice to be so valued, but I left anyway and never looked back.

Cause of Failure – Seems to be getting repetitive, but the causes here again seem to be a combination of over-diversification, subsequent selling off of those same product lines, then the impact of union strikes.

Notes:


Bethlehem Steel

History – The beginning of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation is quite complicated and I won't try to summarize here (*B1), except to say that the corporation was finally begun with this name in 1904. Over the next nearly 100 years they stayed pretty true to their mission with the only diversification being into the source and use of their materials – coal mining, ship-building, railroad car building, etc. During WWII their total employment was about 300,000. One interesting side note is that during the war, as their workers were drafted into the military they were replaced with women – both in the offices and in the plants. But when the war was over all these women were promptly fired.

After the war, with much production of steel overseas having been destroyed, the US Steel industry operated with little foreign competition. But eventually the foreign firms were rebuilt with modern techniques such as continuous casting while profitable US companies, including Bethlehem Steel resisted modernization. Meanwhile the average age of their workforce was increasing and the ratio of retirees to workers was rising. But the former CEO had failed to adequately invest in the company's pension plan during the good times, even failing to set aside money for pension payments entirely during some of the company's good times.

In 1969, with the company still profitable due to lack of foreign competition, the company began building a new corporate headquarters, Martin Towers. The building was designed in the shape of a cross, in order to create more corner- and window-offices for executives and managers. The building featured such amenities as doorknobs with the company logo, handwoven carpets, and the like. During design, when the company discovered that it would be slightly shorter than the PPL headquarters in nearby Allentown, they added an extra floor to ensure that they would be the tallest building in the area. As the then 14th largest industrial corporation in America, they felt they needed a company headquarters befitting their status.

But less than 10 years later, in the early 1980s, the company was losing money, necessitating restructuring and shutdowns. By the early 1990s, after 140 years of metal production in Bethlehem, PA, steel-making ceased. Ship-building stopped in 1997, the company filed for bankruptcy in 2001 and dissolved in 2003, just 99 years after the corporation had been founded.

The city of Bethlehem has just announced that Martin Tower will be imploded this spring. While some of the property that the company owned in South Bethlehem is now a large casino, the tall symbol of what used to be a large corporation will be reduced to dust.

Personal Story – When I came to the Lehigh Valley in 1975, Martin Tower was just two years old and the company was still in its glory days. I was frequently asked why I had chosen to work for Air Products, a small, but quickly growing company, when I could have entered “the loop” program at the Steel where future managers were trained. I ignored these questions. Little did those asking know that the handwriting was already on the wall and that the once mighty Bethlehem Steel would be bankrupt before I reached retirement age.

Cause of Failure – Over-diversification was not a problem for Bethlehem Steel. The causes of failure were many – from the failure to modernize to meet the challenges of foreign steel manufacturers, to the demands from unions that resulted in such generous pension benefits, to the failure by management to put aside money during the “glory days” to meet those eventual required pension benefits.

Notes:


Air Products

History – Air Products is a much younger company than the other examples above, having only been founded in 1940 (*A1). After WWII, the company moved to Emmaus, PA, and they continued their growth as a Lehigh Valley company. In the 1960s, the company began the process of diversifying beyond industrial gases when they acquired a chemical company. They reached $100M in sales in 1962.

Continuing through the 1960s and 1970s, the company continued growing, adding additional chemical business and expanding their global footprint. I joined the company in 1975 during the height of this growth and saw the company reach $1B in sales in 1978. This growth pattern continued through the 1980s, with joint ventures established in places such as Korea, Japan, China, Thailand, Mexico, and others as well as expansion into such business lines as engineering and construction, environmental and energy systems, and high purity electronic chemicals.

I retired in 2007, when the corporate climate began changing and it was no longer fun to work there. The IT department, which had been a key component of the company's growth, was being outsourced. Since then a number of changes have been made – starting with the company management (which had always been “grown” from within) to a new CEO who was brought in by a venture capitalist who specializes in purchasing a large percentage of a company and forcing changes that enrich he and his investors.

Most of the non-core businesses (that were key to keeping the company profitable because they were anti-cyclical to the industrial gas business) have been sold off or spun off. The centralization which was key to having consistent processes and quality around the world have been reversed and each country is now operating independently. Non-core functions, like IT, have been outsourced for the most part.

The corporate campus, once the envy of others, has been allowed to deteriorate and retirees are no longer welcome to visit. And just recently, the CEO announced that the company would be building a new single-building corporate headquarters only a mile away since the total enployment of the headquarters has shrunk from nearly 4000 to only half that.

Personal Story – Having worked here for over 30 years, I, of course, have many stories, too many to choose one or two for inclusion here.

Cause of Failure – Air Products has not failed (yet!). But all the same indicators as in the above examples are present – selling off the business that had previous been acquired, caring more for profits than people, and now building a new corporate headquarters. How long will it be before this company is added to the ash heap of corporate failures, or before it is sold off to become a subsidiary of another company, quite possibly from overseas?

Notes:





Thursday, March 7, 2019

Genealogy Story – The Alcock/Alcocke/Alcox/Allcox/Alcott Family


Immigrants

Thomas Alcock/Alcocke was born in England in 1609. In May of 1630 he married and shortly thereafter he and his new bride immigrated to the newly forming Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of Winthrop's company. He was one of the original members of the first church in Boston. The “Great Migration” into Boston in 1630-1640 was just beginning and he and his wife were just two of what eventually would become 20,000 individuals moving from England to New England in search of religious freedom.

While Boston was the primary port city where these individuals first landed, not everyone remained in the same area. Some went north to New Hampshire and what would eventually become Maine. Others went farther west into the interior sections of Massachusetts and communities up and down the Connecticut River. And still others went down the coast, some to Rhode Island, others to the many small communities which were springing up along the coast of Connecticut.

The Puritans took seriously the command of God in Gen. 1:28 to “be fruitful and multiply”. They tended to have large families – both to have additional help in farming and to counteract the results of early death of young children that was common in those days.

Thomas and his wife were no exceptions to either of these. They had a total of nine children (mostly girls). His son Phillip was born in Massachusetts, but moved to New Haven, CT, where he had his family. Phillip had 5 children, including a son, John, and John had 6 children, including a son, also named John, who was born in New Haven in 1705.

Moving to the Interior

John Alcox (the spelling of the name by this time having changed) married a local young lady, Deborah Blakeslee in North Haven in 1729. Their first child, Lydia, was born in 1730. The following spring, the young couple and their infant daughter moved into the interior of Connecticut into the area that was called Farmingbury but would eventually become known as Wolcott. Deborah was the first white woman in the area.

Farmingbury had that designation because it lay between the cities of Farmington and Waterbury. There was a dividing line up the middle which was called the “Bound Line” which continues to this day as Boundline Road. There were a few settlers along the very southern border of the town where there was a road connecting Waterbury to other towns to the east (now called Meriden Road). And just two years earlier a man named Jacob Benson had established a residence on the hill in the center of the town (and right on the Bound Line) such that the hill was named Benson's Hill. (*1)

John, Deborah, and their infant daughter were the only other settlers in the area and they lived along a path (later called Spindle Hill Road) that was used by the local “indian” tribes to travel from Farmington to Waterbury. But they were not to remain just a family of three for very long. Over the next two decades they had 11 more children. (*2)(*3)

John started out with land holding of about 117 acres, but he kept adding to his holdings until they were nearly 1200 acres (100 for each of his children) – thus being the owner of nearly 10% of the entire town. More information about John can be found in (*4).

More Generations

From their twelve children, John and Deborah had a total of 67 grandchildren. With such a large family and being such a large landowner, there were a number of marriages into other families in the town. Some moved away to other towns such as New Haven, Waterbury or Bristol, but many remained in town where the extended family continued to have considerable influence. I'd like to focus on just a few of these family members.

William Andrus Alcott

William (*5) was a great-grandson of John and Deborah (the spelling of the last name now changed yet again). He was born in 1798, just two years after the town was incorporated and was renamed Wolcott. He attended some of the one-room schools in town which had begun in 1770 after the local Ecclesiastical Society voted to establish them. At the age of 18 he began teaching at the one-room school next door to his father's house in Wolcott. One of his contributions to education was that after observing that the benches used by the students were often painful he, at his own expense, built backs for the benches – these became the ancestors of the later school desks.

In addition to being a teacher, he also studied to become a doctor – so that he could use the extra knowledge to aid his teaching. He contributed greatly to the Annals of Education and wrote 108 books over his lifetime. He moved to the Boston area in the early 1830s, where he finally married at the age of 38. The cause of greatest interest in his life was vegetarianism, although an analysis of his writings clearly shows that today he would be regarded as preferring a vegan diet. He was a founding member and the first president of the American Vegetarian Society as well as the founder of the American Physiological Society.

Amos Bronson Alcott

Amos (*6) was another great-grandson of John and Deborah and a 2nd cousin to William – who was just one year older and a neighbor. Although he started out in the same one-room school as his cousin, he left school at the age of 10 and he was basically self-educated after that point.

After a failed try at being a salesman, Bronson (as he liked being called), turned to teaching. While he had little to base that teaching on, he relied to a great extent on what he had gleaned from his cousin William. As one author later noted, “Indeed there is a sense in which nearly everything Alcott wrote and did is attributable to William.” Nonetheless, and perhaps because of the controversy surrounding Bronson's life, he is much more well-known today that his better educated cousin.

Bronson's schools were mostly failures as his emphasis on transcendentalism and controversial innovative methods were not viewed very positively, and he rarely stayed in one place very long. His writings were difficult to read, and financially he was often not able to support his family. Bronson was also a supporter of vegetarianism (which he may have learned from William).

However, his unique teaching ideas created an environment which produced two famous daughters in different fields, in a time when women ere not commonly encouraged to have independent careers. One of these daughters was Lousia May Alcott – the author of Little Women. The other was Abigail May Alcott who became a renowned artist.

Influence on me

John and Deborah Alcox are my great*6 grandparents. I grew up in Wolcott, the same town where they moved to over 200 years prior. William Andrus Alcott and Amos Bronson Alcott, in addition to being 2nd cousins to each other, are both 2nd cousins (5 times removed) to me. But it's not my relationship to them that is an influence.

From grade 1-7, I attended Alcott Elementary School. This school, which was built just a few years before I was born, was named in honor of Amos Bronson Alcott (*7). As noted above, a better choice for the name should have been William Andrus Alcott, as he spent more time in the Wolcott schools, taught in them for many years, and was a much more prolific author. But Amos Bronson was the more “famous” of the two, perhaps mostly because of his daughter Louisa May, and so the school was named after him. This school (with a large addition) later became a middle school and now is also home to the school superintendent's office.

In high school, I had the honor of being elected to the National Honor Society – and in my senior year I was the president of our chapter. Our chapter was the Amos Bronson Alcott chapter – again a tribute to the more “famous” of the two educator cousins.

Finally, as a voracious reader, I was a frequent visitor to the Wolcott town library (at the time housed in what had been the old Center School – which is now the new home of the Wolcott Historical Society). This library was begun in 1828 by none other than William Andrus Alcott (*8, *9) who still lived in Wolcott. Later, in 1873, Amos Bronson Alcott also donated some books to it – primarily works of other transcendental author friends of his from Concord, MA.


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